El blog pretende publicar, principalmente, traducciones al español de textos y poemas de Henry David Thoreau y referencias a trabajos sobre dicho autor.
“A law may be conceived to be good, when it is for the benefit of the sovereign, though it be not necessary for the people; but it is not so.For the good of the sovereign and people, cannot be separated.It is weak sovereign, that has weak subjects; and a weak people, whose sovereign wanteh power to rule them at his will"
Hobbes (Leviathan, chapter 30)
The metaverse is a projection of the human world, not a way out of it.
(JG, page 49)
Instead of China becoming more like the west, the West has become more like China. In both, the ruling economic system is a version of state capitalism. In each, wealth is heavily concentrated in small groups with powerful political leverage.
Both systems are variants of state capitalism, but the relations between capital and the state are reversed.
Only if China's leaders make major mistakes can the West hope to prevail.
That does not mean America will hand supremacy to China.India will not accept such an outcome, nor probably, will Japan. The upshot of the struggle for hegemony will be a world with no hegemonic power.
The model for Xi’s proyect of total control is not Chinese but British. If anyone can be said to have originated the project of a surveillance society, it was Jeremy Bentham.
During the short post-Cold War era of globalization, a "rules based"
global liberal order seemed to be in place, which some beleived would
endure indefinitely.This supposed liberal order is now history ...Its
passing has exposed the realities it concealed.
Renewable energy is a fossil fuel derivative.The transition to renewable energy in which so much has been invested in the West is a chimera.
Descubrió que ciertos elementos de la masa genética(ADN) podían trasferirse y reagruparse en el trascurso del desarrollo al pasar de la célula embrionaria al estado del linfocito B. Demostró que cada linfocito es capaz de formar el anticuerpo necesario, es decir el anticuerpo que el organismo necesita en cada momento. Ante una agresión por un antígeno determinado, se produce una respuesta celular del organismo y produce la recombinación adecuada de genes
para formar el anticuerpo específico contra ese antígeno. Ante estos
hallazgos Tonegawa llegó a formular la teoría de que la cantidad y
calidad de la respuesta inmulógica está condicionada genéticamente.
Gracias a sus trabajos se ha podido conocer cuántos genes de inmunoglobulinas tiene el ser humano, y cómo dan lugar a multitud de anticuerpos específicos.
Los genes solían considerarse intocables en las células maduras. ¿Cómo llegó a la recombinación somática?
En
los sesenta, había un gran debate sobre si la diversidad de los
anticuerpos se generaba durante la evolución, lo que se llamaba la
teoría de la línea germinal que defendía Leroy Hood en Caltech, o si se
generaba durante la vida del individuo, somáticamente. Estuve en un
congreso y los dos grupos debatían arduamente, pero sin pruebas reales.
Yo
pensé que estaban locos, porque no se podía responder esta pregunta sin
comparar la diversidad de genes y proteínas. Nadie lo había hecho,
porque había que secuenciar los genes, y los inmunólogos no contemplaban
este abordaje. Cuando planifiqué el experimento, yo no creía en el
reordenamiento somático. Yo era partidario de la teoría de la línea
germinal, porque en efecto, por entonces había un dogma: los genes no
cambian durante la vida de un individuo.
Quería
mostrar al mundo que los genes de las inmunoglobulinas no eran
diferentes de cualquier otro gen. Por fortuna para mí, resultó ser justo
al contrario. A la gente le costó creerlo, porque la inmutabilidad de
los genes en la ontogenia era esencial para explicar el desarrollo: la
única razón para que diferentes células produjeran diferentes proteínas
era por Jacob-Monod; la expresión debía ser diferente en distintos
linajes celulares, pero no los genes. El hecho de que los genes se
movieran, y cambiase su actividad, era algo totalmente nuevo. Lo más
inesperado resultó ser lo correcto.
Un
editor de Nature apuntaba la semana pasada que las células madre
existen para que el cuerpo no evolucione a lo largo de la vida de un
individuo, preservando los genes inmutables, y que el sistema inmune es
el único que evoluciona de forma darwiniana.
Es cierto. Pero también existen células madre en el sistema nervioso, y todavía no entendemos cuál es su propósito. Pero
sí, el sistema inmune yo diría que es un microcosmos darwiniano de
evolución, y literalmente ocurre en la vida de un individuo. Hay
diversificación de genes de anticuerpos, y el patógeno invasor
selecciona las células más aptas, que son las que se dividen.
El
sistema inmune utiliza el mismo principio que la evolución. ¿Sabe por
qué? Porque es el único sistema del cuerpo que tiene que tratar con lo
inesperado, la inestabilidad. Las bacterias hacen copias de su ADN cada
dos o tres horas, y con ello aparecen variaciones mutantes. Nosotros nos
reproducimos solo en 20 o 30 años, así que no seríamos capaces de
sobrevivir contra otros organismos que nos infectan con una tasa de
diversificación tan rápida.
Para
protegernos, la evolución inventó el sistema inmune para que podamos
usar el mismo mecanismo de la bacteria, y mutar a su misma velocidad. Es
una carrera. Somos un poco mejores que las bacterias en este sentido, y
así podemos existir.
¿NO
RESULTA SIGNIFICATIVO QUE LA INMUNIDAD SOCIAL Y/O LEGAL, A DIFERENCIA
DE LA INMUNIDAD BIOLOGICA, ESTE ASOCIADA A LA AUSENCIA DE NECESIDAD DE
DEFENDER LA PROPIA RESPONSABILIDAD?
¿NO DEBERIA ESTAR ASOCIADA LA
INMUNIDAD SOCIAL A PRINCIPIOS DE LUCHA Y DEFENSA SIMILARES A LOS DE LA
INMUNIDAD BIOLOGICA?
¿NO ES IGUALMENTE NECESARIA LA EVOLUCIÓN CONSTANTE
DEL SISTEMA INMUNE SOCIAL GENERANDO LOS ANTICUERPOS NECESARIOS?
DONDE SE
ENCONTRARÁN LOS "GENES" NECESARIOS: ¿EN ALGUNA ESTRUCTURA FIJA O EN LA
DISPUTA INSTITUCIONALIZADA POR LA IDENTIFICACION DE ANTIGENOS Y LA
ELABORACION DE LOS ANTICUERPOS QUE FAVORECEN LA PERPETUACION DE LOS
VALORES DEL SISTEMA?
Haz lo que nadie puede hacer por tí. Omite cualquier otra
cosa.
HDT
Carta a H.G.O. Blake, 9 de Agosto de 1850
Caption
This image depicts a single memory engram cell in the
hippocampal dentate gyrus region of a mouse model of early Alzheimer's
disease. To optically manipulate specific connections to these engram
cells, a blue light-sensitive protein oChIEF was expressed in an
upstream brain region, i.e., medial entorhinal cortical inputs (red) to
the DG. The majority of DG granule cells were not active during engram
labeling (blue, non-engram cells).
Together, our data suggest that activating positive memories
artificially is sufficient to suppress depression-like behaviours and
point to dentate gyrus engram cells as potential therapeutic nodes for
intervening with maladaptive behavioural states.
Demonstrating the existence of, and the exact mechanism and
location of, neurologically defined engrams has been a focus of
persistent research for many decades.[3] Moreover, contemporary philosophical debates keep exploring the aspects of engrams that remain unexplained.[4][5]
Ví un viejo hueso en
los bosques cubierto con liquen, que parecía el hueso de un antiguo
habitante, el cual todavía había sido roído recientemente por un pequeño
animal, y claramente distinguí las marcas de sus dientes. Tan
infatigable es la naturaleza para descarnar los huesos y convertirlos en
polvo. Ningún animal salvaje que deambula puede pasar de largo ante un
hueso seco y antiguo sino que debe volver y probar sus dientes sobre él.
Un hueso viejo es machacado hasta que se convierte en polvo. La
Naturaleza no tiene ninguna compasión de él. Era demasiado viejo para
suscitar asociaciones desagradables. Era como un trozo de raíz seca de
pino. Sobrevive como la memoria de un hombre. Con el tiempo todo lo que fue personal y ofensivo se desprende.
HDT
Diario 11 de noviembre de 1850
(traducción Guillermo Ruiz)
La
analogía final entre el hueso y la memoria de esta entrada del diario
de Thoreau es poderosa.Primero porque la memoria procedería en su origen
de la memoria de los restos preservados o inhumados y luego porque
también la memoria, como tejido de sostén, está sujeta a la renovación y
al perecimiento.Con todo, sin "memoria" no puede haber cultura
humana.El desprendimiento de lo personal y ofensivo no equivale a
perecimiento.El hueso sobrevive como la memoria y la memoria sobrevive
como el hueso.
The gods are of no sect; they side with no man. When I imagine that Nature inclined rather to some few earnest and faithful souls, and specially existed for them, I go to see an obscure individual wo lives under the hill, letting both gods and men alone, and find that strawberries and tomatoes grow for him too in his garden there, and
the sun lodges kindly under his hillside, and am compelled to acknowledge the unbribable charity of the gods.
Any simple, unquestioned mode of life is alluring to men. The man who pick peas steadily for a living is more than respectable. He is to be envied by his neighbors.
HDT
Los dioses no pertenecen a ninguna secta; no se alían con ningún hombre.Cuando imagino que la Naturaleza se inclina más a algunas almas con determinación y fe, y que existe especialmente para ellas, voy a ver un humilde individuo que vive abajo en la colina, dejando a los hombres y los dioses solos, y veo que la fresas y tomates crecen también para él allí en su jardín, y el sol mora amablemente a su lado en la colina, y me veo forzado a reconocer la insobornable caridad de los dioses.
Cualquier simple y no cuestionado modo de vida es atrayente para los hombres. El hombre que coge regularmente guisantes para vivir es más que respetable. Él debe ser envidiado por sus vecinos.
I don’t know but we should make life all too tame if we had our own way, and should miss these impulses in a happier time.
How much virtue there is in simply seeing!
We may almost say that the hero has striven in vain for his
preeminency, if the student oversees him. The woman who sits in the
house and sees is a match for a stirring captain. Those still, piercing
eyes, as faithfully exercised on their talent, will keep her even with
Alexander or Shakespeare. They may go to Asia with parade, or to
fairyland, but not beyond her ray.
We are as much as we see. Faith is sight
and knowledge. The hands only serve the eyes. The farthest blue streak
in the horizon I can see, I may reach before many sunsets. What I saw
alters not; in my night, when I wander, it is still steadfast as the
star which the sailor steers by.
Whoever has had one thought quite lonely, and could contentedly digest
that in solitude; knowing that none could accept it, may rise to the
height of humanity, and overlook all living men as from a pinnacle.
HDT
¡Cuánta virtud hay en el simple
hecho de observar! Casi podríamos decir que el héroe se ha esforzado en vano
por alcanzar la preeminencia si el estudiante lo supervisa. La mujer que se
sienta en la casa y observa iguala a un emotivo capitán. Esos ojos
serenos y penetrantes, ejercitados con fidelidad en su talento, la mantendrán con Alejandro Magno o Shakespeare. Pueden viajar a Asia con pompa o a
un mundo de fantasía, pero nunca más allá de su luz.
Somos tanto como vemos. La fe es
visión y conocimiento. Las manos solo sirven a los ojos. La franja azul más
lejana en el horizonte que puedo divisar, la puedo alcanzar antes de muchos
atardeceres. Lo que vi no cambia; en mi noche, cuando divago, permanece tan firme
como la estrella que guía al marinero.
Quien haya tenido un pensamiento
completamente solitario y haya podido asimilarlo con satisfacción en soledad,
sabiendo que nadie podría aceptarlo, puede elevarse a la cima de la humanidad y
contemplar a todos los hombres como desde un pináculo.
April 10, 1841
La vida no examina ni prueba, solo concluye.A cada momento
If, therefore, we really want to know what are the significant points in history, we have to ask which are the moments in history when attitudes were changed.These are the moments when people are hurt because of their former "values".
(...)
Similarly, the important question about history is: Has the bias or setting been changed? The episodic working out of events under a single stationary setting is really trivial. It is with this thought in mind that I have said that the two most important historic events in my life were the Treaty of Versailles and the discovery of cybernetics.
(...)
From the point of view of the people who started the mess, it’s not so crazy; they know what happened and how they got there. But the people down the line, who were not there at the beginning, find themselves living in a crazy universe, and find themselves crazy, precisely because they do not know how they got that way.
(...)
You will notice that everything I said about history and about Versailles is a discussion of organized systems and their properties. Now I want to say that we are developing a certain amount of rigorous scientific understanding of these very mysterious organized systems.
(...)
The stance that I have taken in choosing what is important in history—saying that the important things are the moments at which attitude is determined, the moments at which the bias of the thermostat is changed—this stance is derived directly from cybernetics. These are thoughts shaped by events from 1946 and after.
(...)
But pigs do not go around ready-roasted. We now have a lot of cybernetics, a lot of games theory, and the beginnings of understanding of complex systems. But any understanding can be used in destructive ways.
This lecture was given April 21, 1966, to the “Two Worlds Symposium” at Sacramento State College.
Gregory Bateson ("From Versailles to Cybernetics")
The physical supply chain that powers every artificial intelligence system on earth passes through a single chokepoint that has been effectively closed since early March. Not a data bottleneck. Not a software constraint. A 21-mile strait between Iran and Oman through which 30 percent of the world's LNG and 20 percent of its oil once flowed.
The chain that connects a bombed gas facility in Qatar to a GPU shortage in Santa Clara runs through helium extraction plants, semiconductor fabs, memory packaging lines, and LNG carrier shipyards. And every single link passes through the same country: South Korea.A country that is now simultaneously losing its oil supply, its gas supply, and its helium supply from the same chokepoint.
This is the story of how a missile strike on an LNG facility in the Persian Gulf becomes a constraint on every AI training cluster on earth.
The chain starts with a noble gas.
Helium is the second most abundant element in the universe and one of the rarest on Earth's surface. It is produced by the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium deep in the planet's crust. It migrates upward through rock over billions of years and accumulates in the same geological traps that hold natural gas. You do not manufacture helium. You extract it as a byproduct of natural gas processing, or you do not have it.
Qatar's three helium plants at Ras Laffan produce approximately 2.3 billion standard cubic feet per year: Helium 1 (660 million scf, online 2005), Helium 2 (1.3 billion scf, the world's largest, online 2013), and Helium 3 (400 million scf, online approximately 2021). That is roughly one-third of total global helium supply, according to the US Geological Survey's 2026 Mineral Commodity Summaries, which puts Qatar at 33.2 percent of world production.
All three plants have been offline since March 2, when Qatar halted LNG production following the outbreak of hostilities. The helium plants cannot operate independently of the LNG facility because helium is extracted from the natural gas stream during cryogenic liquefaction. When the gas stops flowing, the helium stops flowing.
QatarEnergy CEO Saad al-Kaabi confirmed on March 24 that the missile strikes reduced helium output capacity by 14 percent, with repairs expected to take three to five years. The planned Helium 4 plant, targeting 1.5 billion standard cubic feet per year and over 50 percent engineered before the crisis, has no confirmed restart timeline.
One-third of the world's helium. Removed from the market by the same missile strikes that took out 17 percent of global LNG supply. From the same facility. In the same week.
Helium is not a party balloon gas. It is the most critical process gas in chipmaking.
In semiconductor fabrication, helium performs functions that are difficult or impossible to replicate with any other substance.
Its most critical role is cooling silicon wafers during plasma etching. The etching process carves nanoscale circuit patterns into silicon at temperatures that would damage the wafer without precise thermal management. Helium's thermal conductivity is roughly six times higher than nitrogen and nearly nine times higher than argon. Only hydrogen is higher, but hydrogen is reactive and flammable, making it unsuitable for use in proximity to plasma chemistries. Lam Research, one of the world's largest etch equipment manufacturers, has acknowledged that nothing besides hydrogen matches helium's thermal conductivity, and hydrogen's reactivity disqualifies it. For backside wafer cooling during etch, there is no practical substitute deployed at scale today.
Semiconductors now consume roughly 21 to 25 percent of global helium, up from 6 percent in 2015.That share is growing fast as EUV-based manufacturing scales and chip geometries shrink. The semiconductor industry is the fastest-growing consumer of helium on earth, and it is now the most exposed.
South Korea's triple exposure.
South Korea imports 64.7 percent of its helium from Qatar, according to Korea International Trade Association data for 2025.
South Korea is home to Samsung Electronics and SK Hynix, which together dominate global memory production. SK Hynix commands 62 percent of the High Bandwidth Memory market by shipment volume as of Q2 2025, per Counterpoint Research. Samsung holds 33 percent of global DRAM market share. Combined, these two companies produce the majority of the memory chips that go into every AI training system, every data centre GPU, and every high-performance computing cluster on earth.
HBM is the single most critical constraint in the AI hardware supply chain. It is the component NVIDIA cannot build an H100, B200, or Blackwell Ultra without. SK Hynix is NVIDIA's primary HBM supplier. In the first half of 2025, NVIDIA accounted for 27 percent of SK Hynix's total revenue, approximately 10.9 trillion Korean won, per TrendForce. UBS projects SK Hynix will capture roughly 70 percent of the HBM4 market for NVIDIA's next-generation Rubin platform. HBM capacity is sold out through 2026 across all major suppliers. There is zero slack.
Bank of America defines 2026 as a memory supercycle, forecasting the HBM market to reach $54.6 billion, a 58 percent increase year over year. This is the market that South Korea's energy crisis now threatens.
Now layer the other exposures.
South Korea imports approximately 70 percent of its crude oil from the Middle East.
Seoul implemented mandatory fuel rationing on March 25: a one-day-per-week vehicle ban for 1.5 million government vehicles, enforced by licence plate number.
QatarEnergy declared force majeure on long-term LNG contracts with South Korea on March 24. Gas generates approximately 26 percent of South Korea's electricity. Those contracted molecules, which were supposed to flow reliably for decades, now carry a force majeure notice that could last five years.
South Korea is losing three supply lines simultaneously. Oil. Gas. Helium. All from the same chokepoint.
The country that fabricates the memory chips that make artificial intelligence physically possible is being energy-starved by a war it did not start, in a strait it does not control, over a conflict between nations it has no leverage to influence.
What the chipmakers say and what it means.
The United States produces 42 percent of global helium but cannot rapidly scale. The former Federal Helium Reserve in Amarillo was privatised in June 2024 and can no longer serve as a government strategic buffer. Russia's Amur Gas Processing Plant has design capacity roughly equal to Qatar's entire output but faces Western sanctions. Algeria produces only 5 to 10 percent of global supply. Tanzania's emerging helium projects are years from commercial production.
Phil Kornbluth estimates a minimum three-month disruption to helium supply chains, plus two months for logistics normalisation. If the conflict extends beyond six months, the structural deficit has no easy solution.
Taiwan's quiet vulnerability.
Taiwan generates approximately 43 to 47 percent of its electricity from natural gas, the single largest source in its power mix. The island imports nearly all of its energy. It has no domestic oil, no domestic gas, and no domestic coal of significance.
TSMC, which fabricates over 90 percent of the world's most advanced logic chips (sub-3nm), consumes roughly 9 to 10 percent of Taiwan's total electricity, a figure S&P Global projects could reach 24 percent by 2030 under a high-growth scenario as EUV lithography scales. TSMC's electricity consumption has more than doubled since 2017.
With Hormuz closed and Qatar offline, global LNG prices have surged 40 to 60 percent. Taiwan must now compete with Europe, Japan, South Korea, and China for a diminished pool of spot LNG cargoes. Every dollar increase in LNG cost translates to higher electricity generation costs for an island that runs nearly half its grid on imported gas.
The world's most important chip factory runs on imported gas, on an island with no strategic depth, in a region where the gas just got 50 percent more expensive.
The feedback loop nobody has connected: South Korea builds the ships.
Here is the connection I have not seen in a single piece of analysis from Fortune, Bloomberg, Tom's Hardware, or any of the publications that have covered the helium angle.
South Korea does not just make chips. It builds the ships that carry the gas that the rest of the world needs to replace Qatar's output.
South Korean shipyards, HD Hyundai Heavy Industries, Samsung Heavy Industries, and Hanwha Ocean, delivered 248 LNG carriers between 2021 and 2025, versus 48 from China. That is an 83.8 percent share of LNG carrier deliveries over the past five years, per BusinessKorea. Korean yards currently hold approximately two-thirds of the global LNG carrier orderbook by value, with LNG vessels accounting for 52 percent of their total backlog at $71.3 billion, per VesselsValue.
A single 174,000-cubic-metre LNG carrier costs $220 to 260 million at current pricing. Construction takes 30 to 36 months from steel cutting to delivery. Korean yards have orderbooks extending through 2028. New orders placed today face delivery in late 2028 or 2029.
There are circuit breakers. South Korea is restarting five nuclear reactors and easing coal restrictions. Shipbuilding is moderately energy-intensive, far less than steelmaking or semiconductor fabrication. There is currently an oversupply of LNG carriers, with approximately 60 idle ships providing buffer. Any disruption to shipyard output today would only affect deliveries in 2028 to 2029, given build timelines.
But the strategic risk is real. If the crisis extends for years, not months, Korean shipbuilding competitiveness erodes. Orders migrate to Chinese yards that are already capturing a growing share of the market. The 84 percent Korean dominance of LNG carrier deliveries begins to fracture. And that fracture arrives at exactly the moment when the global energy system needs maximum carrier capacity to compensate for the Qatari shortfall.
The timeline.
If the Hormuz closure and Qatar outage resolve within 60 days, the impact on semiconductor production is likely manageable. Stockpiles hold. Alternative helium sources partially compensate. Energy prices retreat. The market exhales.
If the outage extends to six months, the picture changes. Korean helium stockpiles thin. Fab utilisation may be reduced by 10 to 30 percent as helium is rationed to the most critical process steps. LNG carrier construction timelines face cost and supply chain pressure. The compounding effects begin.
If Qatar's three-to-five-year force majeure plays out in full, the global helium market restructures permanently. South Korea's semiconductor industry must find alternative supply for two-thirds of its helium at a time when there is no marginal global capacity to absorb the shift. Prices do not just spike. They reset to a new structural level.
The severity depends entirely on duration. And duration depends on a war that nobody in Silicon Valley can predict or control.
The close.
The AI boom was built on an assumption so fundamental that nobody thought to state it: that the physical world would cooperate. That gas would flow. That ships would sail. That straits would stay open. That the atoms would show up so the bits could do their work.
Three wars in three years severed three supply lines. Russia. The Strait of Hormuz. Ras Laffan. Each one tore a piece out of the infrastructure the modern world depends on. And each one revealed a dependency that was invisible until it broke.
The dependency that just broke runs from a gas field under the Persian Gulf through cryogenic separation plants in Qatar through helium containers on cargo ships through semiconductor fabs in Pyeongtaek and Icheon through memory packaging lines that produce HBM stacks through NVIDIA's module assembly through data centres in Virginia and Oregon.
One supply chain. One chokepoint. One war.
South Korea makes the memory AND builds the ships. It is the single most consequential industrial economy in this crisis, and its exposure is triple-stacked: oil, gas, helium. If it stumbles, the AI supply chain stumbles and the LNG carrier fleet stumbles simultaneously.
Nobody in Palo Alto is watching the Strait of Hormuz. They are watching token-per-second benchmarks and context window lengths and AGI timelines.
They should be watching the strait.
Because the atoms come before the bits. And the atoms are stuck.
(Gregory Bateson: The Roots of ecological crisis (March 1970))
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